RESUMEN
The new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has rapidly spread throughout the world, becoming a serious public health problem. COVID-19, in addition to respiratory symptoms, has neurotropic characteristics that can impact the nervous system. We present a 22-year-old female who developed diplopia and numbness of her limbs eight days after affecting by COVID-19 and she showed a left-sided outward gaze palsy without any history of previous a specific illness or medication. Supratentorial, infratentorial, and cervical cord enhancing plaques confirmed an acute demyelinating process in favor of Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). Her oligoclonal bands (OCB) were positive as well. As a result, a provisional diagnosis of ADEM was made. Her condition improved dramatically after starting corticosteroids and rituximab. Resumen El nuevo brote de coronavirus de 2019 (COVID-19) se ha propagado rápidamente a nivel mundial, convirtiéndose en un serio problema de salud pública. La COVID-19, además de síntomas respiratorios, tiene características neurotrópicas que pueden repercutir en el sistema nervioso. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 22 años, que desarrolló diplopía y entumecimiento de las extremidades inferiores ocho días después de verse afectada por la COVID-19, mostrando parálisis de la mirada excéntrica en el lado izquierdo sin antecedentes de enfermedades o medicaciones específicas previas. La intensidad de las placas supratentoriales, infratentoriales y de la columna cervical confirmó un proceso desmielinizante agudo que favorecía encefalomielitis diseminada aguda (ADEM). Asimismo, sus bandas oligoclonales (OCB) fueron positivas. En consecuencia, se diagnosticó provisionalmente ADEM. Su situación mejoró considerablemente tras iniciar tratamiento con corticosteroides y rituximab.
RESUMEN
Kawasaki-like disease (KLD) and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) are considered as challenges for pediatric patients under the age of 18 infected with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A systematic search was performed on July 2, 2020, and updated on December 1, 2020, to identify studies on KLD/MIS-C associated with COVID-19. The databases of Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Scholar were searched. The hospitalized children with a presentation of Kawasaki disease (KD), KLD, MIS-C, or inflammatory shock syndromes were included. A total number of 133 children in 45 studies were reviewed. A total of 74 (55.6%) cases had been admitted to pediatric intensive care units (PICUs). Also, 49 (36.8%) patients had required respiratory support, of whom 31 (23.3%) cases had required mechanical ventilation/intubation, 18 (13.5%) cases had required other oxygen therapies. In total, 79 (59.4%) cases had been discharged from hospitals, 3 (2.2%) had been readmitted, 9 (6.7%) had been hospitalized at the time of the study, and 9 (6.7%) patients had expired due to the severe heart failure, shock, brain infarction. Similar outcomes had not been reported in other patients. Approximately two-thirds of the children with KLD associated with COVID-19 had been admitted to PICUs, around one-fourth of them had required mechanical ventilation/intubation, and even some of them had been required readmissions. Therefore, physicians are strongly recommended to monitor children that present with the characteristics of KD during the pandemic as they can be the dominant manifestations in children with COVID-19.